INTRODUCTION:

Papaya is English word papita in Hindi and erandakarkati in Sanskrit¹. It is also known as paw paw and katas². Papaya leaf is obtained from the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya L. And belonging to family Caricaceae. Papaya fruit is also used to make a wide variety of delicacies, including pickles, jam, jelly, and canned slices. Fruit peels used in cosmetics. Papaya Leaf, bark, stem and roots also shown by the insecticide activity³.

Carica papaya linn is a medical plant used in folk medicine. The juice of Carica papaya leaf is used for irregular menstruation and used for fever⁴. It was introduced in 16th century. Papaya leaf is also used In the treatment of malaria, dengue, jaundice, immunomodulator action and anti viral activity⁵. Carica leaves are important part of several traditional formulation and standardized for various Parameter like moisture content, ash value, etc⁶. Because papaya contains phenol, vitamins, and enzymes, its leaf and fruit extract has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. It also raises blood platelet counts. Caricatures Antihypertensive, antibacterial, diuretic, antifertility, antifungal, and antitumor effects are among the properties of papaya linn³. It is grown in tropical and subtropical regions such as Brazil, Australia, Malaysia, China, India, Thailand, and the Mesoamerican Center, Central America, and Southern Mexico. Papaya is not grown for its ripe, sweet fruit; instead, its seeds, leaves, roots, flowers, bark, and latex are traditionally utilized around the world to prepare a variety of medicinal formulations¹. The world’s top producer of papayas, India is predicted to increase its share from 59% to 61% by 2029. Due to weather-related issues, the export of C. papaya decreased in 2017 and 2018, however its global export remained at 7%. In conventional medicine, fresh papaya leaves are infusionated into tea to treat malaria, while dried and cured leaves are applied to treat respiratory conditions like asthma⁸.

Common names:^1,6

Language	Region	Names
Hindi	Haryana, Delhi	Papaya papita
Bengali	West Bengal	Papaya papita Pepe
Malayalam	Kerala	Omakai
Punjabi	Punjab	Papita
Marathi	Maharashtra	Papai
Tamil	Tamilnadu	Pappali
Gujarati	Gujarat	Papaya
Rajasthani	Rajasthan	Eerankari
Kannada	Karnataka	Pharangi

Botanical description:

After being injured, C. papaya branched, and all of its sections contained white latex. The stem is cylindrical, 10–30cm in diameter and hollow with papaya…The fruit is also called as pawpaw or papaw in United Kingdom and Africa. It was considered as toxic fruit during the ancient days. But now it is widely cultivated⁹. Papaya is a tree like a plant and it can be 1633 feet tall. The leaves are 50-70cm in diameter with deep seven lobes. Petioles, hollow, greenish or purplish-green, up to 1 m long; Lamina orbicular palmate, glabrous, deeply 7-looped, and visibly veined; Broadly toothed and deeply lobed. Tiny funnel-shaped yellow flowers can be seen alone or in clusters¹⁰. The female flower has an ovary shaped like an Ovid, a huge functioning pistil, and no stamens. It is 3-5 cm long. The male flower lacks a gynoecium other than a pistillode and has a long, hanging panicle with 10 stamens arranged in two rows. In particular, strong winds can be detrimental to soils. Soils that are unable to make up for significant transpiration loss¹¹. C. papaya is not frost resilient; trees exposed to frost or chilly winds typically experience leaf damage before dying. The peel has a calming effect on muscles.Ancient people thought that adding vinegar and papaya oil to bath water would provide the water a refreshing feel, nourish the skin, and help with pain relief. Its green fruit yielded a milky fluid containing the enzyme “papain.” This enzyme used as a remedy by native people for the digestive system¹².

Domain	Flowering plant
Kingdom	Plantae ¹⁴
Subkingdom	Tracheobionta ¹
Class	Magnoliopsida ¹³
Subclass	Dilleniidae. ¹⁴
Division	Magnoliophyta. ¹
Subdivision	Spermatophyta ¹³
Phylum	Steptophyta ¹⁴
Order	Brassicales ¹
Family	Caricaceae ¹³
Genus	Carica ¹⁴
Botanical name	Carica papaya linn ¹

Chemical composition:

^1,14,13

Part	Constituents
Fruit (1)	Protein, fat, fibre, carbohydrates, minerals, calcium, amino-,citric acid, molicacid, linalol, benzyl iso thiocynate,cis and trans 2, 6- dimethyl-3,6epoxy-7 ^1,15
Fruit (2)	Iron, vitamin c, riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, carotene phosphorous. ^1,16
Leaves	Alkaloid, carpain, pseudorpain and dehydrocarpaine, choline, carposide, b vitamin C and E. ^15,17
Juice	Lipids, Stearic, myristic, palmitic, linoleum, oleic acids.^16,18
Seeds	Crude proteins, crude fibre, papaya oil, Beta-sistosterol, caricin and an enzyme nyrosoin. ^15,19
Root	Arposide and myrosin enzyme. ^17,20
Bark	Xylitol, galactose, fructose, glucose, sucrose.^18,17,21
Latex	Proteolytic enzymes, papain and chemopapin, chymopapin A, B, C, peptidase A and B and lysozymes. ^16,21

a b

c f

d e

Fig.1. a) Papaya plant b) leave c) Ripe fruit d) Unripe fruit e) Bark f) Seeds

Pharmacological Activity:

Different Pharmacological Activity used in Carica Papaya leafs:

Anti Diabetic Activity:

Anti The diabetic mallitus is a word wide disease caused by the failure of the pancreas or dysfunction of the human system²². This is the serious long term condition which is one of the major reason of the death in adult goup²³. The term diabetic mallitus shows many diseases which is associated to the hyperglycemia²⁴. It increases the risk of other disease and shows many disorder such as ageing obesity or heredity²⁵. Many plants ara known for the effective against diabetic. Papaya leaves are used in traditional medicine used for diabetic. Although no clinical trials have been conducted, preclinical research have demonstrated the anti-diabetic efficacy of papaya leaves on diabetic rats²⁶. Papaya leavesare extracted by ethanol and check the blood sugar level in diabetic mice. The study of the anti diabetic activity’ regarding to the assessment of antidiabetic activity of Carica papaya linn leaf extract is carry out Inan experimental rat model.The chloroform extract consist of the steroid and quinine was administered to the various dose level in streptozotocin induce diabeticand non diabetic rats ²⁷. After that 20 days of the treatment and the biochemical study is carry out²⁸.

Anti hypertensive activity:

The study of the anti hypertensive activity by using ethanol extract of ripe fruit papaya²⁹. The extract of ripe fruit papaya to evaluate the anti hypertensive activity in renal artery including hypertensive rats³⁰ Leaves of papaya serve as an anti-hypertensive Agent. An Agboville villager located in West Africa Work as anti-hypertensive effect of leaf extract by Oral administration³¹. A decoction of papaya leaves has antihypertensive properties. A study on Villagers of Agboville situated at 80 km of Abidjan (West Africa), shows the hypotensive activity of papaya plant when Administered orally³².

Anti fertility activity:

The effect of antifertility of Carica papaya was investigated by adult and pregnant rat with different compounds of the fruit. The unriped fruit interrupt the estrous cycle and induced absorption. Extract of the Carica papaya seeds induced the long term of azoospermia in languor monkey. Papaya shows the anti-implantation^33,34. This activity using a crude extract of Carica papaya bark on seminiferous tubules of the rats. As a result bark demonstrated that he was safe and capable as a guy. In animals it act as a contraceptive³⁵.

Antioxidant:

The effects of papaya peel extract on endogenous glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, cyclo-oxygenate-2, cyclo-oxygenate-3, and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells were studied by Salla et al. ²⁰. 38% for commercially available CPPE and 56% for synthesised AgNps, according to our findings regarding the concentration activity of Ag-Nps³⁶. Given papaya peel’s antioxidant properties, using papaya waste to produce functional foods and nutraceuticals may be possible in the near future³⁷. In Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research³⁸ papaya male flower is the key ingredient in Antioxidant. Seventy percent ethanol, methanol, and water were used as the extraction solvents. Of all the leaf types evaluated, mature leaves that had been water extracted showed the highest antioxidant activity³⁹. In cells treated to papaya peel extract, oxidative stress-exposed cells showed lower levels of SOD, CAT, GPX, GR, and GSH activities⁴⁰. Food extract’s antioxidant activity was assessed using a variety of techniques, including ferric reducing antioxidant power 2,2 diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis-3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid. The results indicated that papaya fruit’s antioxidant activity increased as it ripened⁴¹. The study examined the anti-oxidant and anti-mutagenic properties of Anastatica hierochuntica, Lepidium sativm, and C. papaya extract in Swiss albino mice that had been induced to develop Ehrlich ascites carcinoma through intraperitoneal injection of EAC- cells⁴².

Anti fungal Activity:

This synergistic effect result in partial cell wall degradation due to lack polysaccharides constituents in the Outermost layer of fungal cell wall and release of cell debris into cell culture⁴³. Seed extract the inhibition of fungal activity against three phyt⁴⁴ opathogenic growth: Rhizopus to conifer, Fusarium spp⁴⁵. The antifungal activity of latex protein appears to be responsible, and 138mg/ml is the minimal protein concentration required to produce a full inhibition⁴⁶. The combination of fluconazole and papaya latex inhibits Candida albilcan growth in a synergistic manner⁴⁷. The degrading of the fungal cell wall as a result of the absence of polysaccharide contents in the outermost layer and the release of cell debris into the culture medium is what causes this fungistatic effect⁴⁸. The synergistic activity of fluconazole and papaya latex on the suppression of Candida albilcan growth has been reported⁴⁷. Viz. Bonnet stricta and Ginkgo blob are two plant species that exhibit potent antifungal properties⁴⁹. Fruit treated with plant extract of papaya leaf ginger root before inoculation did not exhibit any symptoms of Ceratocystis fruit root for up to 7 days, whereas fruit that was not treated rotted 4 days after inoculation⁵⁰. At concentrations between 0.5 and 3.5%, the leaf extract of Piper caninum effectively inhibited the development of spores and biomass in pyricularia oryzae, the organism that causes rice blast disease^51,52.

Anthelmintic Activity:

After performing epidemiological survey for relevance of Guinea worm infection it was found to be 2.85% and more common in males⁵³ Using a paste made from the plant’s leaves, opium, and regular salt for three days helped to ease symptoms and make it simple to remove worms from the body. Treatment for helminthes infections involves the use of papaya⁵⁴. Papaya has proteolytic enzymes that have low toxicity and was used as medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in the past. The middle of the nineteenth century saw the discovery that the papain enzyme found in papaya latex was useful in inhibiting worm digestion by hastening the breakdown of ascaris cuticle²¹. The use of air-dried papaya seeds in an elixir with honey has demonstrated a noteworthy impact on intestinal parasites in humans, while also posing no noteworthy adverse effects. The main or only anthelmintic action found in seeds is benzylisothiocyanate. The papaya latex has anthelmintic efficiency against Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice that have been experimentally infected, indicating its possible function as an anthelmintic against powerful intestinal nematodes of mammalian hosts⁵⁵. It also has anthelmintic activity against natural infection of Ascaris suum in pigs and found to be 100% effective at the dose of 8g/kg body weight. Papaya plant extracts had a notable, dose-dependent effect on Trichostrongylus colubriformis eggs, infectious larvae, and adult worms⁵⁶. Alcoholic extracts of papaya shows potential in vitro anti-parasitic action, which affects eggs, infective larvae and adult Haemonchus contortus⁵⁷. A wide range of plants and plant extracts has been used traditionally for the treatment of helminthes infections including papaya, It has been utilized for decades in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal worms and is high in proteolytic enzymes that are known to break down nematode cuticles. It is also low in toxicity. A 1940 description of the worm-digesting properties of a papain preparation derived from C. papaya latex stated that the worms quickly broke down the ascaris cuticle⁵⁸. The adult Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) employed were 5-8cm long and 0.20.3cm wide. Each of the five groups into which the animals were split up had six earthworms. Three concentrations (100%, 50%, and 20% in distilled water) were created in 50milliliters of preparation, and the standard drug solution was then transferred into several petridishes⁵⁹. Prior to usage, every earthworm was cleaned in a regular saline solution. Each one held six worms of the same kind. When no movement was seen, other than when the worms were violently disturbed, it was noticed that it was time for paralysis⁶⁰. The worms’ time of death was noted once it was confirmed that they did not move when submerged in warm water (50°C) or when shaken violently. Distilled water was utilized as the control and piperazine citrate (10mg/ml) as the reference standard. The current work used ethanolic extracts adjusted at various concentrations and dose proportion combinations to examine the anthelmintic effects of Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Carica papaya, and Citrus limettaleaves⁶¹. Albandazole (at 10, 15 and 20mg/ml) served as standard throughout the experiment..The standard used in the experiment was albandazole at 10, 15, and 20mg/ml. A notable anthelmintic activity was obtained in a dose-dependent manner by ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Citrus limetta, Phyllanthus emblica, Carica papaya, and Azadirachta indica⁶². The ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves was found to have a stronger anthelmintic effect than the extract of Azadirachta indica leaves at a concentration of 50 parts per milliliter. At 50ppm concentration, the increased anthelmintic potential of combined dilutions of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica at a 2:3 dose proportion over a 3:2 dose proportion was likewise justified⁶³. The ethanolic extract of Citrus limetta leaves and mixed dilutions of Azadirachta indica and Carica papaya (2:3 dose proportion) at 50ppm concentration, on the other hand, recorded the least time for the worms to become paralyzed or die. The adult Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma was used to investigate the anthelmintic activity because of its morphological and physiological similarities to human intestinal roundworm parasites. The worms were claimed to become paralyzed when they failed to resurrect in regular saline. When the worms’ ability to move was lost and their body color started to fade, they were declared dead⁶⁴.

Anti inflammatory:

Papaya contain an extensive range of secondary metabolite such as alkaloid, flavenoid sponin which has been shown effect to reduce the chronic inflammatory reaction.³. Proteolytic enzymes are present in papaya such as shown by the anti inflammatory effect and immunomodulation effective⁶⁵. In rheumatoid arthritis and herpes zoster, papain is used with proteolytic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin to lower the tgf beta1 level⁶⁶. Papaya alkaloids like choline and nicotine have been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory effects⁶⁷. In a clinical study the history of the inflammatory bowel disease was to determine the treatment of chronic inflammatory and related disease papain was found to be efficient and safe⁴³.

Anti bacterial:

The seed of Carica papaya was found to the bacterio static activity against several enteropathogens such as ecoli bacillus subtiles staphylococcus. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria will be test to the gram negative bacteria are more susceptible to the extract^43,68,69,70.

Anticancer Activity:

Papaya extract has been found to have activity toward tumor destruction, and component of papaya extract, such as tocopherol, lycopene, and flavonoid have been show anti- tumor and inhibit tumor cell growth⁷¹. Cancer is also commonly known by the name of malignant tumor and the cell affected by this disease have tendancy to spread from the originating organ to other very rapidly²². Papaya also contain isothiocyanate which protect the breast, prostate, pancreas, lung, leukemia, and colon cancer⁷². The plant contain an enzyme, namely papain which is a constituent of papaya and very helpful in cancer treatment³. The Proteolytic enzymes have been used as adjuvant in the treatment of malignant disease despite lack of knowledge of their mode of action¹⁴. A Papaya in vitro about demonstrate that it will treat numerous disease cell line and papaya physiochemical having anticancer exercise⁴⁶. Carica papaya is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries and is used as food as well as traditional medicine to treat a range of disease⁷³. Carica papaya leaf had an anti- tumor or anti cancer effect on the proliferative response of solid and haematopoietic tumor cell lines⁶.

Anti- HIV Activity:

While the intercellular ROS generation was assessed by Flourescence Activated Cell Sourting, the HIV activity in TZM-bl cells was investigated using the Luciferase Gene Assay against two distinct clades of HIV-strains⁷⁴. Using the Syncytia Advancement Test, the anti-HIV-1 activity of C. papaya methanol and watery concentrate was evaluated⁷⁵. The evaluation of the Carica papaya aerial parts polar extract’s anti-HIV-1 impact involved testing the extract’s anti-HIV-1 day administration in both methanol and aqueous form⁷⁶. The global epidemic is caused by HIV-1, which is most often referred to as HIV⁷⁷.

Anti- sickling activity A mutation in hemoglobin within red blood cells causes sickle cell disease (SCD), where valine takes the place of glutamic acid at position six. Unripe papaya fruit extract offers anti-sickling properties, according to recent studies. Another investigation demonstrated the powerful, dose-dependent anti-sickling effect of Carica papaya leaf extract. When rats are given an oral dose of 10mg/kg of papaya root extract, their urine production increases significantly and their urinary electrolyte excretion profiles resemble those of hydrochlorothiazide. In the Journal of Natural Product, Mojisola et al. reported on the antisickling characteristics of C. papaya fruit pulp in refined water, methanol, and chloroform by using sodium metabisulfite. The cause of sickle cell disease is a change in hemoglobin within red blood cells, where valine takes the place of glutamic acid at position six. Following three rounds of washing in phosphate buffered saline, red blood cells from the homozygous SS blood samples from the patients were resuspended in normal saline and used for the analysis in accordance with previously published protocols by Acquaye et al. In this experiment, C. papaya leaf extracts in aqueous and methanol were utilized, and parahydroxybenzoic acid served as the chemical standard. Microscopic examination of the time course of the influence of different extract concentrations on the sickling of SS erythrocytes was performed after 1ml SS blood cell suspensions were preincubated with 0 to 10mg/ml concentrations of the extracts in the presence of 2% sodium metabisulphite solution. The found antisickling action was examined by plotting the percentage sickling inhibition versus extract concentration.

Antiamoebic Activity:

In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the antiamoebic activity of mature C. papaya seeds was examined under various experimental circumstances. According to Andrew (2001), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the gold standard for determining the antiamoebic test in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for both seed extract and metronidazole in this investigation was determined by measuring the amount that stopped E. histolytica from growing after 48 hours of incubation.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion Carica papaya plant is safe for short term use throughout cautioned in pregnancy and pupil with liver impairment. Papaya is used for nutritional and medicinal properties throughout the word. It leaves seeds ripe and unripe fruit, juice used as a medicinal purpose. Papaya contain alkaloids, glycoside, tannis, saponin, flavanoid are used in Carica papaya. Wide range of enjymes vitamins, minerals, present in carica papaya. In this review all the prominent pharmacological activity home remedies and side effects of Carica papaya.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We sincerely thank the Gautam College of Pharmacy for their continuous support and cooperation to carry out this work.

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Received on 03.03.2024 Revised on 11.10.2024

Accepted on 14.02.2025 Published on 28.02.2025

Available online from March 03, 2025

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2025; 15(1):36-42.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2025.00007

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